1. Lldm Un Acto De Amor Pdf English
2. Actos De Amor Reflexiones
3. Lldm Un Acto De Amor Pdf En

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Introducción alApostolado Bíblico

Los Apóstoles Señalaban aCristo

En contra de la Adoración alMensajero

En Contra de Adueñarse

Lldm Un Acto De Amor Pdf English

Historia yCaracterísticas de la Luz del Mundo

Introducción

El 'Apóstol de Jesucristo'

La Doctrina 'Luz delMundo'

Los Himnos a sus Apóstoles

El Apóstol/Salvador

Introducción al ApostoladoBíblico

Al estudiar lasecta, 'La Luz del Mundo', nos enfocaremos principalmente en lamanera en que veneran a sus líderes. Este grupo difiere deotras sectas en dos puntos principales:

• La iglesia notiene un cuerpo de enseñanzas o publicaciones oficialesdisponibles que definan su doctrina.

• Susprácticas y enseñanzas se parecen mucho a lasdenominaciones Pentecostales.

La Luz del Mundose parece a otras sectas en los siguientes puntos:

La apostasía –Creen que la iglesia cristiana se apartó de la verdad (laapostasía), y que su fundador fue elegido a restaurar laIglesia Primitiva.

la exclusividad –la salvación se encuentra en ellos, ya que su apóstol esel elegido.

Los Apóstoles Señalaban a Cristo

No dependemos de un Líder, sino de Jesucristo– Los primeroscristianos eran enseñados que ¡no necesitaban maestros!Juan decía que la 'Unción' (Espíritu Santo) queestá en nosotros ayuda para distinguir entre sana doctrina yerror:

En cuanto a ustedes, launción que de él recibieron permanece en ustedes, y nonecesitan que nadie les enseñe. Esa unción esauténtica --no es falsa-- y les enseña todas las cosas.Permanezcan en él, tal y como él les enseñó.(1Jn 2:27)²⁴⁰

Los Apóstolesno se promovían a si mismos, sino que llevaban la gente aCristo...

No nos predicamos anosotros mismos sino a Jesucristo como Señor; nosotros nosomos más que servidores de ustedes por causa de Jesús.(2Co 4:5)²⁴¹

Así como lasEscrituras nos conducen a Cristo para que recibamos laadopción de hijos (Gá 4:4-7), también loslíderes deben tener la mentalidad de llevar los creyentes aCristo. La meta de aquellos llamados a predicar no es acumularadeptos personales, sino formar una comunidad de creyentes llenosdel Espíritu de Dios. Su preocupación era que Jesucristofuera formado en los creyentes y no tanto levantar unareligión:

Queridos hijos, porquienes vuelvo a sufrir dolores de parto hasta que Cristo seaformado en ustedes (Gá 4:19)²⁴²

En contra de la Adoración alMensajero

La secta de la Luzdel Mundo es una sociedad 'cristiana' cerrada, con granénfasis en el 'apóstol' del movimiento. Los mismosapóstoles enseñaban que es malo poner fe en losapóstoles, ya que la salvación proviene solo de Dios:

No les hablé ni lesprediqué con palabras sabias y elocuentes sino condemostración del poder del Espíritu, 5para que la fede ustedes no dependiera de la sabiduría humana sino del poderde Dios. (1Cor 2:4-5)

No es solamente ladoctrina el problema en las sectas, sino un fuerteénfasis en el líder. Los verdaderos apóstolesdirige la atención a Cristo, y al desarrollo de su cuerpo laIglesia, y rechazan la adulación de los miembros. Pabloadvertía en contra de esta tendencia de venerar a losapóstoles: Después de todo, ¿qué es Apolos? ¿Y qué esPablo?Nada más que servidores por medio de los cuales ustedesllegaron a creer,segúnlo que el Señor le asignó a cada uno. (1Cor3:5).

En Contra de Adueñarse

La Bibliaenseña sumisión mutua entre los hermanos, y obedienciahacia los lideres. Y también advierte que los creyentes no sedeben dejarse esclavizar a líderes religiosos, ya que elEvangelio enseña libertad espiritual en Cristo.

Cristo nos libertó para que vivamos en libertad. Por lo tanto,manténganse firmes yno se sometan nuevamente al yugo deesclavitud.(Gál 5:1)

La Ternura de los Apóstoles- Aunque comoapóstoles de Cristo hubiéramos podido ser exigentes conustedes, los tratamos con delicadeza. Como una madre queamamanta y cuida a sus hijos (1Tes 2:7)

Ser ejemplo y notirano-No sean tiranos con los que están a su cuidado, sino seanejemplos para el rebaño. (1Pe 5:3)

Historia y Características de la Luz delMundo

Introducción

El nombre completo del movimiento es:'La Iglesia del Dios vivo, columna y apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz delMundo'.²⁴³ Su FundadorEusebio Joaquín González, nació en Colotlán,Jalisco, México, el 14 de agosto de 1898 (Padre delapóstol actual, Samuel Joaquín Flores). Fue soldado enTorreón. La secta, 'Luz del Mundo' cuenta con miembros en 38países del mundo.

Consideran a su líder máximo,Samuel JoaquínFlores (Hijo del fundador, Aarón), como un apóstolelegido para restaurar la Iglesia Primitiva. La Iglesiademuestra un estricto pastoreo sobre los miembros en cuanto a suvida diaria. Sus adeptos le atribuyen a su 'Apóstol deJesucristo' el poder para salvar sus almas de la condenacióneterna en un concepto que algunos han llamado“apóstol-salvador”.²⁴⁴Al visitar su sitio de internet, lo primero que vemos es el lugarmuy elevado que le dan al fundador y a su hijo.

Actos De Amor Reflexiones

Otras características son –

• Veneraciónde su fundador, Aarón Joaquín, y su hijo, y a su HijoSamuel.²⁴⁵ Insisten que Aarón noestá muerto.

• Formancomunidades aisladas y usan el mismo vestuario formal (faldaslargas y corbatas).

• Estudio diario enlos templos y educación rígida desde la niñez.

• Construyentemplos lujosos, como el del Distrito Federal que tiene cupo para17,000 personas

El'Apóstol de Jesucristo'

El 'Apóstol de Jesucristo' – mayor que el apóstolPablo –

El hermano Samuel Joaquín Flores,es llamado al Apostolado para dirigir la Iglesia desde esedía. De todos los hombres que Dios ha enviado a la tierra para dirigir a su pueblo, aquienes Cristo llamó Apóstoles, ninguno ha hecho eltrabajo del Apóstol de Jesucristo, nuestro hermano Samuel. Ensu humildad, el Apóstol de Jesucristo siempre ha respetado eltrabajo y enseñanza de los otros Apóstoles, perociertamente ninguno de ellos –nisiquiera el ApóstolPablo- logró lo queél ha logrado nuestro hermano Samuel Joaquín. Acuarenta años de administración apostólica,el Apóstol deJesucristo cuenta conmás de 1500 colaboradores en los 35 países endonde está presente la Iglesia. El Apóstol Pablocontó con cerca de 20 colaboradores suyos, para cuidar a la Iglesia establecidaen los primeros años de la era cristiana. Precisamente en esosaños, a principios de la era cristiana, no se pudieronestablecer lugares para el culto. El Apóstol deJesucristo, nuestro hermanoSamuel, ha impulsado la construcción de más de 1, 000 templos,majestuosos templos, edificados para la Gloria de Dios desdeel inicio de su administración. Trece fueron las cartas escritas porel Apóstol Pablo.El Apóstol deJesucristo, nuestro hermanoSamuel, lleva escritas enestos cuarenta años de dirección y gobierno de laIglesia, cerca de mil cartas a la Iglesia, y otras tantas escritas aMinistros o miembros de la Iglesia.²⁴⁶

El Fundador, Aarón Joaquín– El fundador de laIglesia Luz del Mundo se llama Eusebio Joaquín originario deMonterrey, NL. La madrugada del 6 de abril de 1926 tuvo unaexperiencia que cambiaría su nombre y su vida. Segúnrelata, oyó la voz de Dios que decía: 'Tu nombreserá Aarón y lo haré notorio por todo el mundo yserás bendición.' Trataron de levantar una iglesia enMonterrey, pero no tuvieron éxito. Aarón y su esposaElisa se cambiaron a Guadalajara para emprender su nuevamisión, donde se mantuvieron como vendedores ambulantes. Nofue hasta 1934 que fundó su primera iglesia formal. En lospróximos años Aarón fue encarcelado sieteveces por su predicación contra la IglesiaCatólica.

Antecedentes en movimientos de profetas/apóstoles– En 1925 Aarónfue bautizado por un grupo de dirigentes de profetas en un grupoPentecostés, quienes lo bautizaron con el nombre de Abraham, ytrabajo con ellos un tiempo.

el bautismo, 'Solo Jesús'– El fundador,Aarón, volvió a bautizarse en 1927 al darse cuenta,según, de que su bautismo no era válido. Ahora sebautizó solo en el nombre de Jesús, cuya enseñanzadel bautismo 'solo Jesús' tuvo su comienzo a principios delsiglo 1900.

El 'Apóstol Restaurador'–La Iglesia Luz del Mundo cree en una completa apostasíadespués del tiempo de los apóstoles. Se consideran laIglesia Verdadera en la lógica típica de las sectasmodernas como 'restauradores'.²⁴⁷Consideremos sus propias palabras...

Con la muerte del último de losprimeros apóstoles, llega la apostasía, uno de lossucesos ya predichos por la palabra de Dios en sus enviados...'..no vendrá sin que antes venga las Apostasía...'esdecir, la penetración de errores y herejía en la doctrinaque durante mucho tiempo los apóstoles impidieron. sinembargo, la congregación a corregir distaba mucho de ser laIglesia CristianaOriginal.

Ella no se había corrompido, nidesviado, estaba oculta...(Apocalipsis 12:14) hasta llegar eltiempo de...' la restauración de todas las cosas'(Hch.3:21).Para el año de 1926, Jesucristo por el espírituenvía a otro de sus Apóstoles, Aarón Joaquín, yle envía restaurar su Iglesia. Las enseñanzas y estatutosde la doctrina original se transmiten por revelación paraefectuar la obra restauradora, distinguiéndose inmediatamentede los grupos religiosos existentes. Hacia 1964 es recogido elApóstol de la restauración por Aquel que le enviara, lesucede en la dirección de la Iglesia otro Apóstol llamadoSamuel Joaquín, mismo que ha demostrado a lo largo de suministerio la características de un enviado de Jesucristo. ¹¹⁰

Trabajo en grupo

En la siguientedinámica formarán cuatro equipos para investigar,comentar y discutir acerca de las características principalesque identifican a los de la luz del mundo.

1. Investigar ycomentar acerca de la veneración que le dan a su apóstolfundador, como característica principal de los de la luz delmundo.

2. Investigar ycomentar acerca de la comisión de Joaquín comoapóstol restaurador de la Iglesia primitiva.

La Doctrina 'Luz del Mundo'

Ladoctrinade la Iglesia parece 'evangélica' en muchos aspectos, aunqueno profundizan mucho como lo hacen otras sectas. La doctrinamás pronunciada será la de ser 'restauradores' de la'Iglesia Cristiana Original'. La Luz del Mundo no distribuyeliteratura explícita o sistemática de sus doctrinas, ypor eso no es fácil definirlas en detalle.

Suelen comenzar supresentación de doctrinas con este prólogo:

PROCLAMACIÓN.
La Iglesia del Dios Vivo Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad , La Luz delMundo, es la Restauración de laprimitivaIglesiaCristiana, y como tal,anuncia las buenas nuevas de Salvación al mundo entero. Fueconstituida por Jesucristo, nuestro fundamento y fundador.Conserva, en invariable fidelidad aDios, el Gobierno, elEvangelio, Doctrina, Oficios Sagrados, así como las promesascelestiales, establecidas y dadas por Jesucristo nuestro Salvador. ¹¹¹

Su exclusividad seexpresa en este artículo de fe...

CREEMOS que Jesucristo establecióunaIglesia,para que aquellos que acepten su llamado, alcancen lasalvación. Juan 10:16 «... oirán su voz, yhabráun rebaño y unpastor...»¹¹²

Los Himnos a sus Apóstoles

Al 'Gran Apóstol' y su 'Continuador'– En este ejemplodel canto titulado, '9de Junio',los de la Luz del Mundo usan frases reveladoras para expresaradoración a sus apóstoles:

Cristo prepara a su Iglesia, sellevará a mi Señor,
A descansar a su seno, al gran Apóstol deDios,
Los santos le abren el paso, se acerca el Continuador,
Y toma su Ministerio con frases llenas de amor.
Almas por Dios inspiradas exaltan todos a una voz,
Dios nos ha dado otro Apóstol Un elegido deDios. (3ª estrofa) ¹¹³

'Ángel Poderoso'– En el siguientehimno, alaban de manera mesiánica (como si fuera elMesías) a los apóstoles de su movimiento. Al terminar elhimno concluyen con una cita de Apocalipsis 10:1, dando a entenderque su 'apóstol' es el cumplimiento del 'ángel poderoso'de Apocalipsis 10:1.²⁴⁸

Himno de Bienvenida al Apóstol del Señor - Como LaLluvia

H ON R A - Letra y Música: Miguel Ángel Huerta¹¹⁴

Padre seas bienvenido a estehumilde lugar

Todos estamos contentosporque te vemos llegar

Esto es como unsueño que se volvió realidad

Junta ya está lafamilia al PadreEspiritual

Bienvenido, BienvenidoPadre de mi corazón

Esta es tu casa y tuiglesia, esta es tu herencia de Dios

Todos tus hijos te amanPadre de mi corazón

Por el amor que nosbrindas, por tu preciosa Elección.

Como la lluvia en elcampo, eres ¡Oh!, Siervo de Dios,

Como la luz de losastros es tu preciosa Elección,

Como el sol que amanecey rompe la oscuridad,

Es tu palabra de vidaque me trae dicha y solaz.

Como el ungüento enla herida es escuchar tu hablar,

Porque palabra de vidabrota de ti en raudal,

Como el agua de lafuente, pura y limpia, sin par,

Es tu palabra de vida que a mí me vino asalvar.

Un ángel vio descender un santo Apóstol deDios,

Su pie derecho en elmar, otro en la tierra apoyó,

El evangelio en susmanos, voz de rugiente león,

Sus pies columnas defuego, rostro radiante cual sol.

Eres el Ángel que Cristo dieraen la revelación,

Con el misterio sagrado de estarestauración,

Hoy nuestra fe hacrecido por tu bendita oración,

¡Seas muyengrandecido Santo Apóstol deDios!

¿Sabes quédicen las gentes? Dicen que no es verdad,

Otros dicen que laciencia te dio la capacidad,

Dicen que eres unlíder, un humanista ejemplar,

¿Sabes quédice tu pueblo? Hoy te lo quiere expresar:

Eres Apóstol de Cristo y Mensajero depaz,

Nuestro resuello de vida y Padreespiritual,

Eres el Ángel de Cristo, Santo y granContinuador,

Todo lo santo y lo digno, eres Apóstol deDios.

“Vi otro ángel poderoso quedescendía del cielo…”; Ap. 10:1

ElApóstol/Salvador

En realidad los elevan al mismo nivelque Jesús, en ocasiones dirigiéndole a sus apóstolesla cita, “benditoel que viene en el nombre delSeñor”.Cada año en el mes de agosto tienen una gran convención.Una parte del programa consiste en 'rendirle honores' al'varón y siervo de Dios' precisamente ante su tumba, ya quesegún ellos creen, 'él no ha muerto'. En dicho acto deadoración, se le ora, se le cantan himnos, con letra que hablade él, se le ofrecen flores y se le exalta casi como aJesús. Note que cada vez que exaltan a su apóstol rebajanclaramente a Cristo de su calidad de Salvador exclusivo.

'Que felicidad es el conocerte . . .oh, varón de Dios, yo no veo a un hombre, veo al mismo Cristo,lleno de grandeza, del poder de Dios . . . Apóstol de Dios . .. eres tú la vida, nuestra salvación'.¹¹⁵

Doctrina Apóstol/Salvador en los himnos– Los himnos quecantan los miembros de la 'Luz del Mundo' le asignan a suslíderes cualidades salvadoras.²⁴⁹Notemos unos ejemplos claros de adoración del apóstol,sacados de su himnario:

• “comolos magos traíanofrendas para su rey, también la iglesia le ofrenda, porquetú eres nuestro rey”¹¹⁶

• “para elmundo que gran bendición, en su vientre nos trajo, como Maria para elhombre, un gran salvador, unApóstol de Dios elegido”¹¹⁷

• como te amoSamuel, a ti, estoy contento Samuel, por ti, porque tú cuidas mi vida, por que tú cuidas mi alma, por quetú cuidas mi cuerpo delmal”¹¹⁸

• 'SamuelJoaquín, Apóstol poderoso en palabra, él trae parala tierra perdón, y vida eterna, cual Cristo en Galilea . . .Todo el mundo ya se enteró de las nuevas de salvación,que sólo Dios a usted le dio, las llaves de la granmansión'.¹¹⁹

Otro ejemplo –Miremos en este himno de 'Restauración' como los adeptosalaban a su apóstol como si fuera el mismo SeñorJesucristo:

Hermosa Bendición -Restauración

Somos la Iglesia deCristo que hermosa bendición ¹²⁰

Somos el pueblo elegidoque con su sangre limpió,

Y quien nos va dirigiendo es un Apóstol deDios

Coro

Gloria al Señor,gloria al Señor,

El nos rescató de la maldad,

Con el Evangelio de granpoder que le reveló,

Al apóstol fiel queCristo nos dio.

El ministerio sagradoque Cristo estableció,

Es el del apostolado que nos ha unido conDios,

El ángel que loadministra es el ungido de Dios.

Esta es la obra perfectadel poderoso Dios,

Haber creído en su Apóstol para obtener elperdón,

Con él estamos seguros es nuestro padre en lafe.

Hermosa herenciagloriosa que Cristo nos dejó,

Perteneciendo a suIglesia donde hay Apóstol de Dios,

El es quien nos va llevando a la CiudadCelestial.

Trabajo en grupo

En la siguientedinámica abordaremos la enseñanza apostólica de noadueñarnos de la iglesia y de llevar a los fieles a cristo.Para lo cual se formarán dos grupos con el propósito decontestar con la respuesta correcta las preguntas formuladasabajo.

1. Investigar ycomentar acerca de la sencillez que los apóstoles teníanal predicar, procurando no recibir la gloria que a Dios lecorrespondía. (2Co 4:5; 1Tes 2:7; 1Pe 5:3; Hch14:13-15)

2. Analizaralgunos de los Himnos que exaltan a su apóstolfundador

3. Investigar ycomentar de como la Luz del Mundo le da a su apóstol calidadde apóstol/salvador.

Coordinates: 20°40′19.02″N103°17′2.76″W / 20.6719500°N 103.2841000°W

The Iglesia del Dios Vivo, Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo, (English: Church of the Living God, Pillar and Ground of the Truth, The Light of the World)—or simply La Luz del Mundo (LLDM)—is a NontrinitarianChristian denomination with international headquarters in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. La Luz del Mundo practices a form of restorationist theology centered on three leaders: Aarón—born Eusebio—Joaquín González (1896–1964), Samuel Joaquín Flores (1937–2014), and Naasón Joaquín García (born 1969), who are regarded as modern-day Apostles of Jesus Christ.

La Luz del Mundo had its beginnings in 1926 just as Mexico plunged into a violent struggle between the anti-clerical government and Catholic rebels. The conflict centered in the west-central states like Jalisco, where Aarón Joaquín focused his missionary efforts. Given the environment of the time, the Church remained a small missionary endeavor until 1934, when it built its first temple. Thereafter, it continued to grow and expand, interrupted only by an internal schism in 1942. Aarón Joaquín was succeeded by his son Samuel upon his death, who was in turn succeeded by his own son Naasón upon his death. The Church is now present in more than 50 countries and has between 1 and 5 million adherents worldwide.

La Luz del Mundo describes itself as the restoration ofprimitive Christianity. It does not use crosses or religious images in its worship services. Female members follow a dress code that includes long skirts and use head coverings during services. Although the Church does not allow women to hold leadership positions in its religious hierarchy, women do hold leadership positions in church public relations and in the various church-operated civil organizations.

Church leaders have faced accusations of sexual abuse.^[7] In June 2019, church leader Naasón Joaquín García was arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and charged with sex crimes by the California Department of Justice.^[8]

• 2History
  • 2.2Ministry of Aarón Joaquín González (1926–1964)
• 3Beliefs and practices
• 4Organization
• 5Notable Temples
• 7Controversies and Criticism
• 8Discrimination
• 9Notes

Name[edit]

The full name of the Church is Iglesia del Dios Vivo, Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo ('Church of the Living God, Pillar and Ground of The Truth, The Light of the World') which is derived from two passages in the Bible, Matthew 5:14 and 1 Timothy 3:15.^[9]

History[edit]

Historical background[edit]

Eusebio Joaquín González was born on August 14, 1896 in Colotlán, Jalisco, Mexico. At a young age, he joined the Constitutional Army during the Mexican Revolution.^[10][11] While he was on leave in 1920, he met Elisa Flores, whom he later married.^[12] While stationed in the state of Coahuila in 1926, he came into contact with Saulo and Silas, two ascetic preachers from the Iglesia Cristiana Espiritual. Their teachings forbade their followers to keep good hygiene and wear regular clothes.^[10] After being baptized by the two itinerant preachers, Aarón Joaquín resigned from the army, and along with his wife became domestic workers to the two preachers.^[13]

During the 1920s, Mexico underwent a period of instability under the administration of Plutarco Elías Calles, who was seeking to limit the influence of the Catholic Church to modernize and centralize the state within the religious sphere of Mexican society. To protest Calles's policies, the Catholic Church suspended all religious services, bringing about an uprising in Mexico. This uprising, or Cristero War, lasted from 1926 to 1929 and reemerged in the 1930s.^[14] On April 6, 1926, Aarón Joaquín had a vision in which God changed his name from Eusebio to Aarón and told him to leave Monterrey, where he and his wife served Saulo and Silas.^[15] On his journey, he preached near the entrances of Catholic churches—often facing religious persecution—until he arrived at Guadalajara on December 12, 1926.^[13] The Cristero Wars impacted both Catholic and non-Catholic congregations and preachers, especially evangelical movements. Small movements were attacked by the government and the Cristeros, resulting in a hostile environment for Aarón Joaquín's work.^[16]

Ministry of Aarón Joaquín González (1926–1964)[edit]

Early years[edit]

Working as a shoe vendor, Aarón Joaquín formed a group of ten worshipers who met at his wife's apartment.^[17] He began constructing the Church's hierarchy by instituting the first two deaconesses, Elisa Flores and Francisca Cuevas.^[18] Later he charged the first minister to oversee fourteen congregations in Ameca, Jalisco.^[19] During these early years (late 1920s), Aarón Joaquín traveled to the states of Michoacán, Nayarit, and Sinaloa to preach.^[15] In 1931, the first Santa Cena (Holy Supper) was held to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus.^[20] The Church met in rural areas, fearing complaints from Catholic neighbors.^[21]Urbanization contributed migrants from the countryside who added a significant number of members to the Church.^[21]

In 1934, a temple was built in Sector Libertad of Guadalajara's urban zone and members were encouraged to buy homes in the same neighborhood, thereby establishing a community.^[22] The temple was registered as Iglesia Cristiana Espiritual (Spiritual Christian Church) but Aarón Joaquín claimed to have received God's word in the dedication of the temple, saying that it was 'light of the world' and that they were the Iglesia del Dios Vivo, Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad (Church of the Living God, Pillar and Ground of the Truth).^[22] The Church used the latter name to identify itself.^[22] In 1939, it moved to a new meeting place at 12 de Octubre street in San Antonio in southeast Guadalajara, forming its second small community which was populated mainly by its members.^[23] This community was an attempt to escape the hostile environment,^[24] not to create an egalitarian society.^[25]

In 1938, Aarón Joaquín returned to Monterrey to preach to his former associates. There he learned that he had been baptized using the Trinitarian formula and not in the name of Jesus Christ as he preached.^[22] His re-baptism in the name of Christ by his collaborator Lino Figueroa marked Aarón Joaquín's separation from the rest of the Pentecostal community.^[22]

Schism of 1942[edit]

In 1942, during its most significant schism, at least 250 members left La Luz del Mundo.^[26] Tensions began to build after Aarón Joaquín's birthday, when the congregation gave him gifts of flowers and sang hymns celebrating his birthday..^[27] This celebration generated a heated debate that culminated with the defection of several church members, including some pastors.^[27] Anthropologist Renée de la Torre described this schism as a power struggle in which Aarón Joaquín was accused of having enriched himself at the expense of the faithful.^[26] Church dissidents took to local newspaper El Occidental to accuse church members of committing immoralities with young women. Some of the accusations were aimed to close down a temple that the Church used with government permission.^[28] Members of La Luz del Mundo attribute this episode to the envy and ambition of the dissidents, who formed their own group called El Buen Pastor (The Good Shepherd) under the leadership of José María González,^[29] with doctrines and practices similar to those of La Luz del Mundo.^[26] The leader is considered a prophet of God.^[29] As of 2010, El Buen Pastor has a membership of 17,700 in Mexico.^[30]

Among those who defected to El Buen Pastor was Lino Figueroa, the pastor who had re-baptized Aarón Joaquín in 1938. Aarón Joaquín had a vision in July 1943 where the baptism by Figueroa was invalidated and he was ordered to re-baptize himself invoking Jesus' name.^[31] The whole congregation was re-baptized as well, as now Aarón Joaquín was the source of baptismal legitimacy and authenticity.^[32] With all those who had challenged him gone, Aarón Joaquín was able to consolidate leadership of La Luz del Mundo.^[27]

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Hermosa Provincia[edit]

In 1952, Aarón Joaquín purchased a plot of land outside the city and called it Hermosa Provincia (Beautiful Province), with the intent of forming a small community made up exclusively by church members.^[33][34] The land was then sold at reduced prices to church members. The community included most necessities; services provided in Hermosa Provincia included health, education, and other urban services, which were provided in full after six years partly with help that the Church received from municipal and non-municipal authorities.^[13] This dependency upon outside assistance to obtain public services ended by 1959 when residents formed the Association of Colonists of Hermosa Provincia, which was used to directly petition the government.^[35] Hermosa Provincia received official recognition from the city for being the only neighborhood that had eliminated illiteracy by the early 1970s.^[36] The neighborhood became a standard model for the Church, which has replicated it in many cities in Mexico and other countries.^[37] Aarón Joaquín started missionary efforts in Central America and by the early 1960s, La Luz del Mundo had 64 congregations and 35 missions.^[38] By 1964, after his death, the Church had between 20,000 and 30,000 members spread through five countries, including Mexico.^[39][40]

Ministry of Samuel Joaquín Flores (1964–2014)[edit]

Samuel Joaquín Flores was born on February 14, 1937, the youngest of eight siblings. He became the leader of La Luz del Mundo by the age of 27 after the death of his father. He continued his father's desire for international expansion by traveling outside of Mexico extensively.^[41] He first visited church members in the Mexican state of Michoacán in August 1964 and later that year went to Los Angeles on a missionary trip. By 1970, the Church had expanded to Costa Rica, Colombia, and Guatemala. Its first small temple in Hermosa Provincia was demolished and replaced by a larger one in 1967.^[42] With Samuel Joaquín's work, La Luz del Mundo became integrated into Guadalajara and the Church replicated the model of Hermosa Provincia in many cities in Mexico and abroad. By 1972, there were approximately 72,000 members of the Church, which increased to 1.5 million by 1986 and to 4 million by 1993. Anthropologist Patricia Fortuny says that the Church's growth can be attributed to several factors, including its social benefits, which 'improves the living conditions of believers.'^[43] Samuel Joaquín oversaw the construction of schools, hospitals and other social services.^[44] The Church also expanded to countries including the UK, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Ethiopia and Israel between 1990 and 2010.^[45] By the end of Samuel Joaquín’s ministry, La Luz del Mundo was present in fifty countries. After fifty years at the head of La Luz del Mundo, Samuel Joaquín died in his home on December 8, 2014.^[46]

Ministry of Naasón Joaquín García (2014–present)[edit]

On December 14, 2014, Naasón Joaquín García, the fifth out of eight Joaquín children, became the leader of La Luz del Mundo upon the death of his father.^[47] Naasón Joaquín was born on May 7, 1969 in Guadalajara. He previously served as a church minister for 22 years, during which time he launched Berea Internacional, the church's media and publishing arm. Under his leadership the church has expanded to four additional countries. ^[48][49][50]

Beliefs and practices[edit]

Worship[edit]

During La Luz del Mundo's religious services, male and female members are separated during worship; from the preacher's perspective, women sit on the left side of the temple and men on the right ^[51][52] The Church does not use musical instruments during its worship services.^[53] There is no dancing or clapping,^[54] and women cover their heads with a veil during services.^[55] Hymns are sung a cappella;^[56] Despite this, members listen to instrumental music and some compose their own music. When singing, all congregants sing at the same time to maintain uniformity during their meetings.^[57] La Luz del Mundo believes that worship should be done 'spiritually' and only to God, and thus temples are devoid of images, saints, crosses, and anything that might be considered idolatry.^[58] The places of worship have plain walls and wide, clear windows.^[56]

The Church holds three daily prayer meetings during the week, with two meetings on Sundays and one regular consecration. On Sunday mornings, congregants meet at the temple for Sunday school, which begins with prayers and hymns. After that, the preacher—usually a minister—presides over a talk during which he reads from the Bible and presents the material to be covered throughout the week. During the talk, it is common for members of either sex to read a cited verse from the Bible. At the end of the talk, more hymns and prayers are recited and voluntary donations are given. Sunday evening services begin with hymns and prayers, after which members of the congregation of both sexes recite from the Bible or sing hymns. A shorter talk is held with the aim of deepening the Sunday school's talk.^[59]

La Luz del Mundo holds three scheduled prayer meetings each day. The first daily prayer meeting is at 5:00 a.m. and usually lasts one hour. The service includes a talk that is meant to recordar (remember) the material covered in Sunday school. The 9:00 a.m. prayer was originally started by Aarón Joaquín's wife, Elisa Flores. A female church member presides over the prayer meeting, which includes a talk. The evening prayer has the same structure as the 5:00 a.m. meeting. In each prayer meeting members are expected to be prepared with their Bibles, hymn books and notebooks and to be consecrated.^[60]

Bible[edit]

Members of La Luz del Mundo believe that the Bible is the only source of Christian doctrine. It is used as the main source of ministers' and lay persons' talks during prayer meetings. Through organizational arrangements, such as Sunday school, church authorities attempt to maintain uniformity of teachings and beliefs throughout all congregations.^[61] The Bible is the only historical reference used by church members during religious services. Members can find cited Bible verses quickly, regardless of their level of education.^[62] It is also seen as the only and 'sufficient rules of faith for salvation.'^[63]

Restorationism[edit]

La Luz del Mundo teaches that there was no salvation on Earth between the death of the last Apostle (Apostle John) around 96 AD and the calling of Aarón Joaquín in 1926. Members believe that the Church itself was founded by Jesus Christ approximately two thousand years ago and that after the deaths of the Apostles, the church became corrupt and was lost.^[6][64] La Luz del Mundo claims that through Aarón Joaquín, it is the restoration of the primitive Christian church that was lost during the formation of the Catholic Church. After those times passed, the beginning of Aarón Joaquín's ministry is seen as the restoration of the original Christian Church.^[65] Salvation can be attained in the Church by following the Bible-based teachings of their leader.^[2]

Calling of the Servants of God[edit]

La Luz del Mundo believes its apostles are directly chosen and sent by God to 'preach the will of God and Salvation'.^[66] It believes that Aarón Joaquín was called by God to restore the primitive Christian Church. Aarón Joaquín was succeeded by his son Samuel upon his death in 1964; the latter was succeeded by his son Naasón upon his death in 2014. Although Church leadership has remained in the Joaquín family since its funding, La Luz del Mundo maintains that succession of power is by divine calling, not by kinship.^[67] La Luz del Mundo teaches that it is the only true Christian church founded by Jesus Christ because it is led by Naasón Joaquín, whom it considers the only true servant of God and Apostle of Jesus Christ in this era.^[6] Members believe that this Apostolic Authority allows them to find peace, feel close to God and attain meaning in their lives from the hopes of joining with Christ to reign with him for eternity.^[68]

Christology[edit]

La Luz del Mundo rejects the doctrine of the Trinity as a later addition to Christian theology.^[69] It believes in a 'one and universal' God, and in Jesus Christ who is the 'Son of God and Savior of the world', rather than part of a trinity.^[58][70] God is worshiped 'by essence', whereas Jesus Christ is worshiped 'by commandment.'^[71] Moreover, by worshiping Christ they are also worshiping God through him according to their teachings.^[72] The Church also preaches baptism in the name of Jesus Christ for forgiveness of sins, and baptism with the Holy Spirit as confirmation from God for entrance into heaven.^[70]

Role of women[edit]

Female congregants of La Luz del Mundo are do not wear jewelry, makeup, and short hair. They are taught to dress modestly, which means wearing long dresses and skirts.^[73] These restrictions do not apply to recreational activities, such as swimming.^[74] Women wear a head covering during religious meetings.^[75] According to an interview of one adherent, women in La Luz del Mundo are considered equal to men in social spheres and have equal capacities for obtaining higher education, social careers, and other goals that may interest them. However, they are not allowed to become ministers or serve in major leadership roles within the Church. The women are taught to submit to their husbands. Aarón Joaquín established the 9 a.m. prayer after hearing about one of his followers who was being abused by her Catholic husband.^[76] This prayer became one led by women.^[76] These prayers are seen as a religious activity equal to all other activities,^[77] and provide space for empowerment in which women can express themselves and develop a status within the congregation's membership.^[78] Anthropologist Fortuny said, concerning the 9 a.m. prayer, that, 'I infer from this that, if the membership considers this as [a] female [gathering], they would be giving authority to women in the religious or ecclesiastical framework of the ritual, and this then [would] put [them] on a plane of equality or [in] absence of subordination to men.'^[79] She said that women of the Church may be playing with their subordinate roles to acquire certain benefits.^[79]

Church women personalize their attire, according to Fortuny. Rebozos are worn by indigenous members and specially designed veils by other female members.^[80] Fortuny says that, '... wearing long skirts does not negate the meaning of being a woman and, although it underlines the difference between men and women, [female members] say that it does not make them feel like inferior human beings'.^[81] Fortuny says women describe their attire as part of obeying biblical commands found in 1 Timothy 2:9, and 1 Corinthians 11:15 for long hair.^[82] Female members say the Church's dress code makes them feel they are honoring God and that it is part of their 'essence'.^[83]

Fortuny also states that dress codes are a sign of a patriarchal organization because men are only forbidden from growing their hair long or wearing shorts in public. Women, at times, can be more autonomous than those in the general population in Mexico. Fortuny says that the growing trend of educated women having husbands in supporting roles is also seen in both the Guadalajara and Houston, Texas congregations.^[84] Many young female members said they want to undergo post-secondary education, and some told Fortuny they were degree students. Both young men and women are equally encouraged to enter post-compulsory education. Male members are more likely than their mothers to direct their daughters towards attending university.^[85]

La Luz del Mundo does not practice ordination of women. According to Fortuny, women can become missionaries or evangelizers; the lowest tier of the Church's hierarchy.^[86] She states that 'the rank of deaconess is not a position which common women could aspire to'.^[87] Dormady states that the first two deaconesses were Elisa Flores and Francisca Cuevas.^[18] Wives of important members of the Church usually get the rank of deaconess, according to Dormady.^[88][89]

Women are active and play key roles in organizing activities and administering them in the Church.^[73] Female office holders are always head of groups of women and not groups of men. A deaconess can help pastors and deacons, but cannot herself administer the sacrament. All members of the ministerial hierarchy are paid for their services as part of the tithe by the congregational members.^[90]

At the turn of the century, La Luz del Mundo began promoting women to public relations positions that were previously held by men only.^[91] As of December 2014, two women (and three men) serve as legal representatives of the church in Northern Mexico.^[92] Public relations positions that have been held by women include spokesperson, director of social communication, and assistant director of international affairs.^[93][94][95] Within church operated civil organizations women also occupy executive positions such as director of La Luz del Mundo Family Services, a violence prevention and intervention center in Milwaukee;^[96] Director of Social Work and Psychology within the Ministry of Social Welfare;^[97] director of the Samuel Joaquín Flores Foundation; president of Recab de México A.C.;^[98] and director of the Association of Students and Professionals in the U.S.^[99]

Other beliefs and practices[edit]

La Luz del Mundo teaches moral and civil principles such as community service and that science is a gift from God.^[70] Church members do not celebrate Christmas or Holy Week. The most important yearly rituals are the Holy Supper (Santa Cena in Spanish or 'Santa Convocation'), held yearly on August 14, and the anniversary of Naasón Joaquín's birth is held on May 7at its international headquarters in Guadalajara.^[100]

Organization[edit]

Ecclesiastical organization[edit]

The organization of La Luz del Mundo is hierarchical. At the top is Naasón Joaquín who serves as both the spiritual and administrative leader of the Church. Below him in rank are the pastors, who are expected to develop one or more of the qualities as doctor, prophet, and evangelist. All pastors are evangelists and are expected to undertake missionary tasks. As doctors, pastors explain the word of God and as prophets they interpret it.^[101] Below them are the deacons, who administer the sacraments to the congregational members. Below the deacons are the encargados (managers or overseers), who have responsibility for the moral conduct and well-being of certain groups within the congregation. Overseers grant permits to members who wish to leave their congregations for vacations or to take jobs outside of the church district. At the lowest echelon of the hierarchy are the obreros (laborers), who mainly assist their higher-ups with missionary work.^[102]

Territorial organization[edit]

A church, or group, that is unable to fully provide for the religious needs of its members is called a mission. Missions are dependent on a congregation which is administered by a minister. A group of several congregations with their missions form a district. The Church in each nation is divided into multiple districts. In Mexico, several districts form together into five jurisdictions that act as legal entities.^[103]

Notable Temples[edit]

La Luz del Mundo uses the architecture of its temples to express its faith through symbolism and to attract potential converts.^{[104][105][106]} Among the Church's buildings are a replica of a Mayan pyramid in Honduras, a mock Taj Mahal in Chiapas, and a Greco-Roman-inspired temple in Texas. Its flagship temple is located in its headquarters in Hermosa Provincia. Two smaller replicas of this temple are being built in Anchorage, Alaska, and in Chile to symbolize 'the northern and southern-most reach of the Church's missionary efforts.'^[105]

Hermosa Provincia Temple[edit]

The flagship temple in Guadalajara is pyramidal and has an innovative structure. The project began in 1983, when the Church's former temple, built to accommodate 8,000 people, was deemed insufficient to accommodate the growing number membership who attended various annual celebrations.^[107] Construction began on July 3, 1983, when Samuel Joaquín laid the cornerstone, and lasted until August 1, 1992.^[108] The temple was completed largely by members of the Church. It is a notable architectural feature in Guadalajara in a working-class district on the outskirts of the city.

Dozens of institutions, architects, and engineers were invited to submit proposals for a new temple. The pyramidal design submitted by local architect Leopoldo Fernández Font was selected from the final shortlist of four proposals.^[107] Fernandez was later awarded an honorary degree for this and other structures.^[109] The temple was built to accommodate 12,000 worshipers and is used for annual ceremonies.

The building's design represents the infinite power and existence of God. It consists of seven levels over a base menorah, each of which symbolize steps toward the human spirit's perfection.^[107] In February 1991, a laser beacon was installed to commemorate the 449-year anniversary of the founding of Guadalajara.^[110] On July 1999, the pinnacle of the temple was replaced by Aaron's rod, a twenty-ton bronze sculpture by artist Jorge de la Peña. The installation of the 23-metre (75 ft) long structure required a special crane.^[111][112]

Houston Texas Temple[edit]

The main temple in Houston, Texas, was inspired by Greco-Roman architecture.^[113] It is the largest temple constructed by La Luz del Mundo in the United States as of 2011. The temple's pillars resemble the Parthenon. The front of the building is decorated with carved scenes from the Bible and three panes of stained glass also depict biblical scenes. The temple can hold 4,500 people. The interior has marble floors, glass chandeliers, and wood paneling.^[113]

The structure is worth US$18 million and consists of the temple, classrooms, offices, and a parsonage. There is a sitting area with fourteen free-standing columns in a circle next to the temple.^[114] Each column represents each of the Apostles at the time of construction—including Aarón and Samuel Joaquín.^[113] On top of the temple under Aaron's rod—the Church's symbol which represents God's power to bring spiritual life to believers—is a large, golden dome.^[113][114] The symbol is also a reference to the Church's founder.^[114]

Construction of the temple began in 2000 and was finished in 2005. Most of the construction was done by Church volunteers, who provided funding and a skilled workforce.^[114][113] The structure was designed by church members and the design was revised by architects to ensure compliance with building codes.^[114] The decorations and ornaments were also designed and installed by Church members.^[114] The temple serves as a central congregation for southeastern Texas.^[113][115]

Membership Statistics[edit]

There are no definitive statistics for the total membership of La Luz del Mundo.^[37] It has reported having over five million members worldwide in 2000, with 1.5 million in Mexico. The Church does not appear in the 1990 Mexican census or any census prior to that.^[116]

The 2000 Mexican census reported about 70,000 members five years or older nationwide,^[117][118] and the 2010 census reported 188,326 members of any age.^[119]The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, whose numbers also differ significantly from those of the census—1,234,545 compared to the census figure of 314,932—said ambiguity in the census questionnaire was the source of the disparity.^[120] The World Christian Encyclopedia reports 430,000 adherents in Mexico in 2000 and 488,000 in Mexico in 2010.^[121] Based on the number of congregations and the average number of members per congregation, anthropologist Hugo G. Nutini estimated in 2000 that the Church had a total membership of around 1,125,000 adherents worldwide, with more than two-thirds of those in Mexico.^[37] In 2008, Fortuny and Williams reported a membership of 7,000,000.^[122] Anthropologist Ávila Meléndez says that the membership official membership figures are plausible given the great interest it has generated among 'religious authorities' and the following it receives in Mexico.^[118]

In El Salvador, as of 2009, there are an estimated 70,000 members of La Luz del Mundo, which had 140 congregations with a minister and 160 other congregations with between 13 and 80 members.^[123] As of 2008, there were around 60,000 church members in the United States.^[124]

Controversies and Criticism[edit]

La Luz del Mundo has been the subject of several controversies. Church leaders have been accused of creating a cult of personality, sexually abusing members, and amassing wealth.

Status of church apostles[edit]

La Luz del Mundo has been accused of having a 'cult of personality' centered around its leaders,^{[125][126][127]} and at times of worshiping its leaders.^[128] The birthdays of church leaders are celebrated as religious festivals, and church members describe seeing or listening to their leader as a religious experience.^[125][128] Toward the end of Samuel Joaquín's life, church members were using bibles with his key speeches and epistles appended at the end.^[129] In May 2019, La Luz del Mundo faced scrutiny for using the Palace of Fine Arts (a government funded public venue) in Mexico City to host a concert as tribute to its leader Naasón Joaquín for his 50th birthday.^[130]

A day after the Heaven's Gatemass suicide on March 26, 1997, on TV Azteca's evening newscast Hechos, Jorge Erdely Graham of the anti-cult group Instituto Cristiano de Mexico (Christian Institute of Mexico) claimed that church members may commit mass suicide if so directed by their leader, Samuel Joaquín.^[131][132] No evidence ever surfaced to support such claims,^[131] which were later characterized by religious scholars Gordon Melton and David Bromley as 'fraudulent reports by ideological enemies.'^[133] The claims focused media attention on church leader Samuel Joaquín who would subsequently be accused of sexually abusing young church members.^[131]

Sexual abuse accusations[edit]

On May 18, 1997–a day after Samuel Joaquín's 35th wedding anniversary^[134]–a handful of women claimed on the Mexican network Televisa that they had been sexually abused by Samuel Joaquín approximately twenty years earlier.^[135] In a third report on August 17, shortly after the church's most significant holiday, former member Moisés Padilla Íñiguez also accused Samuel Joaquín of sexually abusing him when he was a teenager.^{[136][135][137]} These accusations were spearheaded by Erdely's anti-cult group, which demanded that La Luz del Mundo be stripped of its legal recognition as a religious organization.^[138][139] Four people later filed formal complaints with the state prosecutor, but the statute of limitations for the alleged crimes had passed.^[131]

The issue came back to life in February 1998 when, two days before Samuel Joaquín's birthday, Padilla reported being kidnapped and stabbed by two gunmen.^{[131][140][141]} Padilla received 57 shallow slashes from a dagger which, although they did not put his life in immediate danger,^[140] could have resulted in death from blood loss.^[131] Padilla blamed Samuel Joaquín for the stabbing and for an earlier attack in which he was allegedly beaten by men who warned him against criticizing the Church leader.^[131] A church spokesman denied that the Church or Samuel Joaquín had any involvement in the attack and suggested that Padilla may have orchestrated it in a desperate attempt to authenticate his previous charges against the organization.^[131][141]

Judicial authorities investigating the charges said the alleged victims were not being fully cooperative, whereas former church members expressed suspicion of the Mexican legal system, arguing that it favored the Church.^[131] Ten years later a spokesman for the state prosecutor said the criminal complaints were unsuccessful because, in addition to the statute of limitations, the accusations were incomplete.^[142]

On June 4, 2019, current La Luz del Mundo leader Naasón Joaquín García and a church follower were arrested after their chartered flight from Mexico landed at Los Angeles International Airport.^[143]. The California Department of Justice alleges that between 2015 and 2018 Naasón Joaquín and three co-defendants committed twenty-six felonies including human trafficking, production of child pornography, and forcible rape of a minor.^[144] Naasón Joaquín's bail was set at $50 million due to fears that his followers could raise enough money to free him and that he would then flee the country.^[126] According to California Attorney General Xavier Becerra, the bail is the highest ever imposed on anyone in Los Angeles county.^[126] La Luz del Mundo denies the accusations.^[145]

Wealth of church apostles[edit]

Church leaders have been criticized for accumulating wealth while the majority of church members belong to the lower economic classes.^[146] The Joaquín family owns a lavish private zoo-themed ranch called Silver Wolf Ranch in Seguin, Texas, valued at $3 million as of 2008, and includes horses and a collection of restored vintage cars.^[147] The ranch is divided into two parts, a federally registered nonprofit zoo and wildlife rescue refuge, and a private zoo-themed family retreat. The nonprofit part is funded by donations from church members in Texas, while the private part is funded by family earnings from businesses such as a travel agency in Guadalajara, per a church spokesperson.^[148]

Discrimination[edit]

Opposition to new temple in California[edit]

In 1995, La Luz del Mundo acquired a vacant nursery building in a commercial zone in Ontario, California. The Church planned to use it for religious activities and was assured that it could as long as building requirements were met. The city then passed a law requiring all new religious organizations to obtain a conditional use permit to operate a church in the commercial zone.^[149] In 1998, La Luz del Mundo petitioned for such a permit, but concerned residents objected to its plans.^[142] María de Lourdes Argüelles, professor at Claremont Graduate University and board member of the Instituto Cristiano de México,^[150] led the opposition against La Luz del Mundo, which she called a 'destructive sect'.^[131] She said she had seen children and teenagers working overnight on the site under precarious conditions.^[151]

Ontario officials met with objecting residents and began researching the Church, checking with cities where La Luz del Mundo had temples, but found no problems.^[131] After considering zoning questions and citing traffic, parking and disruption of economic plans for that area, the city denied the permit to the Church. La Luz del Mundo then sued the city for denying it use of its own building for services and for allegedly violating its civil rights. The case was settled out of court in 2004, and La Luz del Mundo was allowed to build the temple.^[142] The city agreed to pay about US$150,000 in cash and fee credits to the Church.^[149] The case was not taken to court because city officials and attorneys concluded the city would most likely lose the case and spend more money than the settlement.^[149]

Denominational discrimination[edit]

According to Fortuny, La Luz del Mundo members, along with members of other Protestant denominations, are treated as 'second class citizens'.^[152] She says the church is called a 'sect' in an offensive manner in Mexico.^[153] Rodolfo Morán Quiroz, a sociologist, said that the discrimination started by the Catholic Church, which in the past caused La Luz del Mundo to establish its community in Hermosa Provincia, continues in Mexico.^[154] Church founder Aarón Joaquín was beaten by Cristeros and was jailed by the government for preaching in the open air.^[155]

In 1995, as thousands of members of the church traveled to the Holy Supper celebration in Guadalajara, several members of a neighboring community supported by CardinalJuan Sandoval Íñiguez protested the use of schools to provide temporary shelters for church pilgrims. The protesters said that after the ceremony the schools were left in disarray; however church authorities presented photographic evidence to newspapers to refute these claims.^[156]

According to Church spokesperson Armando Maya Castro, many students who are members of La Luz del Mundo have been discriminated against and punished for refusing to partake in celebrations and customs concerning the Day of the Dead at school.^[157] In one case reported by a Mexican newspaper, La Gaceta, a female church member riding a bus was pushed by another passenger, who then crossed herself because the member was wearing a long skirt.^[158] In July 25, 2008, a public official sealed the entrance to a temple in Puerto Vallarta, trapping the congregation inside, until other officials removed the seals. This incident occurred because of complaints from individuals who did not like the presence of the Church in the area. Reporter Rodolfo Chávez Calderón stated that La Luz del Mundo was in compliance with local laws.^[159]

Many female church members have faced discrimination and verbal abuse on buses, in schools, and in hospitals.^[160] Church members who were patients in a Mexican hospital were denied access to their ministers in 2011. The hospital required permission from Catholic clergy so that La Luz del Mundo ministers could visit patients.^[161]

La Luz del Mundo ministers reported that the site of a newly constructed temple in Silao was subject to harassment, vandalism, and physical threats because of religious intolerance, which caused them to request increased police protection.^[162][163] In February 2012, seventy church ministers from different countries appeared before Mexican authorities in Guadalajara to denounce the lack of police protection for the church's residents in the city after a series of attacks left several members hospitalized.^[164]

Notes[edit]

Citations[edit]

1. ^ ^abFortuny 1995, pp. 147-162.
2. ^ ^abBiglieri 2000, p. 407.
3. ^García, Omar (14 December 2014). 'Naasón Joaquín García relevará a su padre en la Luz del Mundo' [Naasón Joaquín García will relieve his father in La Luz del Mundo]. El Informador (in Spanish). Guadalajara. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
4. ^ ^ab'Ceremonia de Bienvenida' (in Spanish). Iglesia del Dios Vivo Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo. 9 August 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
5. ^'Historia'. Iglesia del Dios Vivo Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
6. ^ ^abc'Fundación' (in Spanish). Iglesia del Dios Vivo Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
7. ^'A Growing Faith--and Outrage'. Los Angeles Times. 1998-03-10. ISSN0458-3035. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
8. ^Zaveri, Mihir (2019-06-04). 'Leader of Mexican Church La Luz Del Mundo Charged With Sex Crimes in Los Angeles'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
9. ^De la Torre 2000, p. 77.
10. ^ ^abDe la Torre 2000, p. 71.
11. ^Pineda, Israel (14 November 2008). 'Homenaje. Historia Militar: Mtro. Aarón Joaquín González. 90 Años de haber alcanzado el grado de subteniente de infantería'. La Luz del Mundo USA (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2013.
12. ^Dormady 2011, p. 22.
13. ^ ^abcFortuny 1995, p. 149.
14. ^Fortuny 1995, p. 148.
15. ^ ^abDe la Torre 2000, p. 73.
16. ^De la Torre 2000, pp. 73-74.
17. ^Dormady 2011, p. 28.
18. ^ ^abDormady 2011, p. 35.
19. ^Dormady 2011, pp. 36-37.
20. ^Dormady 2011, p. 34.
21. ^ ^abDormady 2011, p. 37.
22. ^ ^abcdeDormady 2011, p. 38.
23. ^Dormady 2011, pp. 39-40.
24. ^Dormady 2011, p. 41.
25. ^Dormady 2011, p. 42.
26. ^ ^abcDe la Torre 2000, p. 80.
27. ^ ^abcDormady 2011, p. 43.
28. ^Dormady 2011, pp. 42-45.
29. ^ ^abGill 1994, p. 277.
30. ^Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J., eds. (2007). World Christian Database. Leiden/Boston: Brill.
31. ^Dormady 2011, pp. 42–44.
32. ^Dormady 2011, p. 44.
33. ^Dormady 2011, pp. 46-47.
34. ^De la Torre 2000, p. 81.
35. ^Dormady 2011, pp. 50-51.
36. ^Greenway 1973, p. 118.
37. ^ ^abcNutini 2000, p. 47.
38. ^Fortuny 1995, p. 150.
39. ^Joaquín 2004, p. 104.
40. ^Greenway 1973, p. 121.
41. ^Fortuny 1995, p. 151.
42. ^Joaquín 2004, p. 61,67.
43. ^Fortuny 1996, pp. 33–37.
44. ^De la Torre 2000, p. 87.
45. ^Joaquín 2004, p. 71.
46. ^'Boletín informativo: Duerme en los brazos de Cristo el Apóstol Samuel Joaquín Flores' (Press release) (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Jalisco: Iglesia La Luz del Mundo A.R. 8 December 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-31.
47. ^García, Omar (14 December 2014). 'Naasón Joaquín García relevará a su padre en la Luz del Mundo'. El Informador (in Spanish). Guadalajara. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
48. ^'Eligen a director internacional de La Luz del Mundo'. La Crónica de Hoy. Jalisco. 14 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
49. ^Torres, Raúl (17 December 2014). 'Luz del Mundo: un líder del que poco se conoce'. El Universal. Mexico City. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
50. ^'Primer Presentación Apostolica en el Extranjero'. Iglesia La Luz del Mundo USA. 4 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
51. ^Wyatt 2011, p. 9.
52. ^Ravitz, Jessica (2 August 2008). 'Hallelujah: Spirit and emotion run high at The Light of the World Church'. The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
53. ^De la Torre 2000, p. 244.
54. ^Ochoa Bohórquez 2011, pp. 122.
55. ^De la Torre, Renée; Fortuny, Patricia (1991). 'La mujer en 'la luz del mundo' Participación y representación simbólica'. Estudios sobre las culturas contemporáneas (in Spanish). Universidad de Colima. IV (12): 137–138. ISSN1405-2210. OCLC819025679.
56. ^ ^abMink, Jenna (5 August 2011). 'Congregation blossoms: Church catering to Hispanic community grows in BG'. Bowling Green Daily News. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
57. ^Ochoa Bohórquez 2011, pp. 121-123.
58. ^ ^abPeggy Fletcher Stack (24 May 2013). 'For this Salt Lake City church, it's the beliefs, not the building, that matter'. The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
59. ^Ochoa Bohórquez 2011, pp. 139-142.
60. ^Ochoa Bohórquez 2011, pp. 142-148.
61. ^Ávila Meléndez 2008, pp. 180–181,187.
62. ^Ochoa Bohórquez 2011, p. 147.
63. ^'Doctrina' (in Spanish). Iglesia del Dios Vivo Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo. Retrieved 28 December 2012. CREEMOS en la Santa Biblia como única y suficiente regla de fe para la salvación del ser humano ...
64. ^Ávila Meléndez 2008, p. 177.
65. ^Ochoa Bohórquez 2011, p. 150.
66. ^'Principios' (in Spanish). Iglesia del Dios Vivo Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo. Retrieved 18 January 2013. CREEMOS en la vocación de los Siervos de Dios, enviados para manifestar la voluntad de Dios y la Salvación.
67. ^Introvigne, Massimo (4 October 2018). 'The World'S Fastest Growing Religious Movement? Visiting La Luz Del Mundo in Guadalajara'. CESNUR - Centro studi sulle nuove religioni. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
68. ^'Historia' (in Spanish). Iglesia del Dios Vivo Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
69. ^'¿Qué es La Luz del Mundo?'. 23 June 2010.
70. ^ ^abc'Principios' (in Spanish). Iglesia del Dios Vivo Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
71. ^Amaya Castro, Armando (4 July 2010). 'Sobre Una conmemoración político-religiosa'. Proceso (in Spanish). Mexico City. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
72. ^'Presentación apostólica en Cancún, Quintana Roo'. 19 April 2015.
73. ^ ^abWyatt 2011, pp. 26–29.
74. ^Fortuny, pps. 126, 149–150
75. ^Fortuny 2001, p. 125.
76. ^ ^abDormady 2011, p. 33.
77. ^Fortuny 2001, p. 139.
78. ^Fortuny 2001, p. 144.
79. ^ ^abFortuny 2001, p. 140: 'Yo deduzco de esto que, si la membresía considerara este culto como femenino, le estarían otorgando autoridad a las mujeres en el marco religioso o eclesiástico del ritual, y esto entonces las pondría en un plano de igualdad o de ausencia de subordinación frente a los hombres'
80. ^Fortuny 2001, p. 148.
81. ^Fortuny 2001, p. 149: 'En este sentido, usar falda larga no niega el significado del ser mujer y aunque subraye la diferencia entre hombres y mujeres, ellas dicen que no las hace sentirse seres humanos inferiores ...'
82. ^Fortuny 2001, p. 142.
83. ^Fortuny 2001, pp. 146–147.
84. ^Fortuny 2001, pp. 156–157.
85. ^Fortuny 2001, pp. 155–157.
86. ^Fortuny 2001, p. 136: 'Al interior del cuerpo ministerial o jerarquía de la iglesia, la mujer puede ocupar el puesto obrera o evangelizadora si así lo desea, ya que constituye el último rango de la jerarquía.'
87. ^Fortuny 2001, p. 138: 'el rango de diaconisa no es una posición a la que puedan aspirar las mujeres comunes de la comunidad religiosa ...'
88. ^Dormady 2011, pp. 35–36.
89. ^Pineda, Israel (25 March 2009). 'Duerme la diaconisa Carmen Flores viuda de Ávalos'. Iglesia La Luz del Mundo USA (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2013.
90. ^Fortuny 1995, p. 157.
91. ^Garma Navarro, Carlos (2004). 'The Legal Situation of Religious Minorities in Mexico: The Current situation, Problems, and Conflicts'. In James T. Richardson (ed.). Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 446. ISBN978-0-306-47886-4. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
92. ^'Directorio de Asociaciones Religiosas por Clave SGAR'(PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico: Dirección General de Asociaciones Religiosas de la Secretaría de Gobernación. pp. 58–59. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
93. ^Gómez, Alejandra; Rebolledo, Antonio (12 May 2014). 'Con mantas blancas concluye grupo religioso mensaje en cerro'. El Diario (in Spanish). Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
94. ^'Luto en Tabasco tras la tragedia en Cumbres de Maltrata'. Proceso. Mexico City. 19 April 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
95. ^Dormady 2011, pp. 39.
96. ^O'Brien, Brendan (29 August 2013). 'La Luz del Mundo opens violence prevention center on South Side'. Milwaukee Neighborhood News Service. Milwaukee. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
97. ^'Ha llegado ya el 50% de los delegados a la Santa Convocación 2008'. Iglesia La Luz del Mundo. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
98. ^'Realiza la Fundación Samuel Joaquín Flores rueda de prensa para evento benéfico'. Iglesia La Luz del Mundo. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
99. ^'Reconocimiento de APS a los graduados de la clase 2010 en el Sur de California'. Iglesia La Luz del Mundo. 17 July 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
100. ^Biglieri 2000, p. 409.
101. ^Fortuny 1995, p. 155.
102. ^Fortuny-Loret de Mola, Patricia (2005). 'Una iglesia tapatía: evangélica, popular y transnacional'. Los 'otros' hermanos : minorías religiosas protestantes en Jalisco (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Jalisco: Secretaría de Cultura, Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco. p. 176. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
103. ^'Organización' (in Spanish). Iglesia del Dios Vivo Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
104. ^Kaylin Bettinger (9 July 2010). 'After 4 years, 'wedding cake' is only half-baked'. Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
105. ^ ^abJulia O'Malley (30 March 2008). 'Church constructs unusual building to attract converts'. Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
106. ^Pela, Robrt L. (4 November 2010). 'La Luz del Mundo: God May Not Live in a Material Church, But He's Building a Sweet Pad'. Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
107. ^ ^abcNoriega, Ariel (August 13, 2000). 'Templo de la Luz: Símbolo y orgullo'. Mural (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. p. 5.
108. ^Muñoz, Joel (April 6, 2001). 'Luz del Mundo influencia en 33 países'. Mural (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. p. 8.
109. ^Alvarado, Alejandro (September 10, 2009). 'Honran colegas un estilo humano'. Mural (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. p. 6.
110. ^Pineda, Israel (31 August 2000). 'Cartas a Mural/ Sobre el templo de La Luz del Mundo'. Mural (in Spanish).
111. ^'Estrenan símbolo'. Mural (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. July 14, 1999. p. 1.
112. ^'Una escultura de peso'. Mural (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. July 1, 1999. p. 1.
113. ^ ^abcdefWyatt 2011, pp. 26-29.
114. ^ ^abcdefVara, Richard (23 July 2005). 'La Luz del Mundo prepares to dedicate new church facility'. The Houston Chronicle. Houston.
115. ^Fortuny 2002, p. 24.
116. ^'Censo General de Población y Vivienda 1990' (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
117. ^Dormady 2011, p. 115.
118. ^ ^abÁvila Meléndez 2008, p. 180.
119. ^'Población total por entidad federativa, sexo y religión según grupos de edad (INEGI 2010)' (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
120. ^'¿Cuantos mormones hay en México?'. Sala de Prensa - México (in Spanish). Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los Últimos Días. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
121. ^Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J., eds. (2007). World Christian Database. Leiden/Boston: Brill.
122. ^Fortuny and Williams 2008, p. 15
123. ^Alfaro, William (21 December 2009). 'La Iglesia Evangélica gana más terreno en El Salvador'. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). El Salvador. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
124. ^Marquardt 2011, p. 119.
125. ^ ^abLopez, Ricardo (Jun 5, 2019). 'La Luz del Mundo church leader's arrest shocks Palm Springs, Coachella'. desertsun. Retrieved Jun 22, 2019.
126. ^ ^abcMiller, Leila; Carcamo, Cindy; Vives, Ruben; Ganga, Maria L. La (Jun 6, 2019). 'Rape and molestation charges against La Luz del Mundo leaders roil church'. latimes.com. Retrieved Jun 22, 2019.
127. ^'Mexican Mecca: Luz del Mundo church draws 500,000 pilgrims to Guadalajara - World-wide Religious News'. WWRN. Aug 18, 2015. Retrieved Jun 22, 2019.
128. ^ ^abFortuny Loret de Mola, Patricia (8 October 2016). 'La Luz Del Mundo'. World Religions and Spirituality Project. 9 December 2018.
129. ^Schulson, Michael (Dec 11, 2014). 'Like Azusa Street Baptized into Bureaucracy: Mexico's Flourishing LLDM Church Loses its Apostle'. Religion Dispatches. Retrieved Jun 22, 2019.
130. ^'Abren puertas de Bellas Artes a líder de La Luz del Mundo'. El Universal (in Spanish). May 16, 2019. Retrieved Jun 22, 2019.
131. ^ ^abcdefghijkSheridan, Mary Beth (10 March 1998). 'A Growing Faith--and Outrage'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
132. ^Masferrer Kan 2004, p. 156.
133. ^Bromley & Melton 2002, p. 50.
134. ^García de la Mora, Humberto (6 January 2014). '2014: Año del Jubileo'. El Occidental (in Spanish). Guadalajara. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
135. ^ ^abMasferrer Kan 2004, p. 164.
136. ^'A Growing Faith--and Outrage'. Los Angeles Times. 1998-03-10. ISSN0458-3035. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
137. ^De la Torre 2000, p. 19.
138. ^Garma Navarro 2004, p. 446.
139. ^Garma Navarro, Carlos (1999). 'La situación legal de las minorías religiosas en México: Balance actual, problemas y conflictos'. Alteridades (in Spanish). Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa. 9 (18): 141–142. ISSN0188-7017. OCLC31126010. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
140. ^ ^abSalas, Irma (11 February 1998). 'Atacan a denunciante de la Luz del Mundo'. El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico.
141. ^ ^ab'Church denies knife connection'(PDF). Laredo Morning Times. 12 February 1998. p. 2A. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
142. ^ ^abcBensman, Todd (25 May 2008). 'Divine Retreat'. San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
143. ^'Mexican church leader still its 'apostle' after rape arrest'. KNXV. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
144. ^Becerra, Xavier. 'Attorney General Becerra Announces Arrest of Naasón Joaquín García, Leader of Religious Organization La Luz Del Mundo, in Major Sex Trafficking Case'. State of California Department of Justice. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
145. ^'La respuesta de La Luz del Mundo ante la detención de Naasón Joaquín García'. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
146. ^Fortuny Loret de Mola, Patricia (8 October 2016). 'La Luz Del Mundo'. World Religions and Spirituality Project. 9 December 2018.
147. ^Bensman, Todd (25 May 2008). ''The Light of the World' grows in the shadows'. San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
148. ^Bensman, Todd (25 May 2008). ''The Light of the World' grows in the shadows'. San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
149. ^ ^abcGazzar, Brenda (10 February 2005). 'Ontario clears way for La Luz Del Mundo'. Inland Valley Daily Bulletin.
150. ^'María de Lourdes Argüelles'. School of Educational Studies. Claremont Graduate University. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
151. ^Masferrer Kan 2004, p. 153.
152. ^Fortuny 2002, pp. 25–26.
153. ^Fortuny 2002, p. 33.
154. ^Munez Machuca, Aimee (3 March 2003). 'Mantiene la Hermosa provincia su autonomía sin aislamientos'(PDF). Gaceta Universitaria (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 February 2013.
155. ^Miller, Daniel R (2008). 'Protestantism and Radicalism in Mexico from the 1860s to the 1930s'. Fides et Historia. The Conference on Faith and History. 40 (1): 43–66. ISSN0884-5379.
156. ^Fortuny, Patricia (2000). 'La Luz del Mundo, estado lacio y gobierno panista. Análisis de una coyuntura en Guadalajara'(PDF). Espiral: Estudios sobre Estado y Sociedad (in Spanish). Universidad de Guadalajara. 7 (19): 129–159. ISSN1665-0565. OCLC32365060. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
157. ^Castro, Armando Maya (18 April 2011). 'La discriminación religiosa, una realidad en México'. El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 October 2012.
158. ^Loera, Martha Eva (28 August 2006). 'Las variantes de la fe'(PDF). La Gaceta (in Spanish). Universidad de Guadalajara. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
159. ^Chávez Calderón, Rodolfo (25 July 2008). 'Clausuraron templo de la Iglesia de La Luz del Mundo en Vallarta'. El Occidental (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
160. ^Fortuny, pps. 150–154
161. ^Rello, Maricarmen (13 August 2009). 'Hospital Civil se disculpa con Luz del Mundo'. El Milenio (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 October 2012.
162. ^Álvarez, Xóchitl (18 January 2012). 'Piden prevenir brote de intolerancia religiosa'. El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 October 2012.
163. ^'Religion in Mexico: Where angels fear to tread'. The Economist. 24 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
164. ^'Ministros de La Luz del Mundo exigen seguridad'. El Informador (in Spanish). 18 February 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012.

References[edit]

• Ávila Meléndez, Luis Arturo (2008). 'Entre las cosas de Dios y las preocupaciones terrenales: el camino contradictorio hacia la santidad en la 'Iglesia de la Luz del Mundo''. In Zalpa, Hans Egil; Offerdal, Genaro (eds.). ¿El reino de Dios es en este mundo? El papel ambiguo de las religiones en la lucha contra la pobreza(PDF) (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: CLACSO-Siglo del Hombre. ISBN978-958-665-126-4. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
• Biglieri, Paula (2000). 'Ciudadanos de La Luz. Una mirada sobre el auge de la Iglesia La Luz del Mundo'. Estudios Sociológicos (in Spanish). El Colegio de México. XVIII (2): 403–428. ISSN0185-4186. OCLC47166994. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
• Bromley, David G.; Melton, J. Gordon (2002). Cults, religion, and violence. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-66898-9.
• Cobián R, Felipe (11 December 2005). 'Responde La Luz del Mundo'. Proceso (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 December 2012.
• De la Torre, Renee (2000). Los hijos de la luz: discurso, identidad y poder en La Luz del Mundo (in Spanish). ITESO. ISBN968-5087-15-6. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
• Dormady, Jason H. (2011). Primitive Revolution: Restorationist Religion and the Idea of the Mexican Revolution 1940--1964. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN978-0-8263-4951-4.
• Fortuny, Patricia (2001). 'Religión y figura femenina : entre la norma y la práctica'(PDF). Revista de Estudios de Género. La ventana (in Spanish). Universidad de Guadalajara. 2 (14). Retrieved 18 September 2012.
• Fortuny, Patricia (2002). 'Chapter 2: The Santa Cena of the Luz del Mundo Church: A Case of Contemporary Transnationalism'. In Ebaugh, Helen Rose; Saltzman Chafetz, Janet (eds.). Religion Across Borders: Transnational Immigrant Networks. Rowman Altamira. p. 24. ISBN978-0-7591-0226-2. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
• Fortuny, Patrica (1995). 'Origins, Development and Perspectives of La Luz del Mundo Church'. Religion. 25 (2): 147–162. doi:10.1006/reli.1995.0014.
• Fortuny, Patricia; Williams, Philip J. (2008). 'Iglesias y espacios públicos : Lugares de identidad de mexicanos en Metro Atlanta'. Trayectorias (in Spanish). Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. 10 (26): 7–19. ISSN2007-1205. OCLC44417986. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
• Garma Navarro, Carlos (2004). 'The Legal Situation of Religious Minorities in Mexico: The Current situation, Problems, and Conflicts'. In James T. Richardson (ed.). Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. ISBN978-0-306-47886-4. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
• González, Ondina E.; González, Justo L. (2008). Christianity in Latin America: A History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-86329-2.
• Greenway, Roger S. (1973). 'The 'Luz Del Mundo' Movement in Mexico'. Missiology: An International Review. 1 (2): 113–124. doi:10.1177/009182967300100211.
• Gill, Kenneth D. (1994). Toward a contextualized theology for the Third World : the emergence and development of Jesus' name pentecostalism in Mexico. Studies in the intercultural history of Christianity. 90. Peter Lang. p. 277. ISBN978-3-631-47096-1.
• Joaquín Flores, Samuel (28 October 1997). 'A la opinion publica'. El Norte. Monterrey, Mexico.
• Joaquín, Benjamin (2004). El Elegido de Dios (in Spanish). Guadalajara: Fundación Maestro Samuel Joaquín Flores.
• Marquardt, Marie (2011). '4 Picking Up The Cross'. Living 'Illegal': The Human Face of Unauthorized Immigration. The New Press. p. 119. ISBN978-1-59558-651-3. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
• Masferrer Kan, Elio (2004). ¿Es del César o es de Dios? Un modelo antropológico del campo religioso (in Spanish). Plaza y Valdés, CEIICH-UNAM. ISBN978-970-722-316-5.
• Monsiváis, Carlos (2002). '¿Por qué estudiar al protestantismo mexicano?'. Protestantismo, diversidad y tolerancia(PDF) (in Spanish). Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos. ISBN978-970-644-277-2.
• Nutini, Hugo G. (2000). 'Native Evangelism in Central Mexico'. Ethnology. University of Pittsburgh. 39 (1). doi:10.2307/3773794. ISSN0014-1828. OCLC1568323.
• Ochoa Bohórquez, Ana Victoria (2011). 'Lo religioso como agente transformador de la cultura: Iglesia La Luz del Mundo: surgimiento, expansión, usos y ceremonias México-Colombia 1926–2006'(PDF) (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
• Wyatt, Timothy (2011). 'Iglesia La Luz Del Mundo'(PDF). Houston History. University of Houston. 8 (3): 9. ISSN2165-6614. OCLC163568525. Retrieved 25 December 2012.

Further reading[edit]

Note: Most of De la Torre's work listed below was incorporated into her book Los hijos de La Luz.

• De la Peña, Guillermo; De la Torre, Renée (1990). 'Religión y política en los barrios populares de Guadalajara'. Estudios Sociológicos (in Spanish). El Colegio de México. 8 (24): 571–602. JSTOR40420093. OCLC85446277.
• De la Torre, Renée; Fortuny, Patricia (1991). 'La construcción de una identidad nacional en La Luz del Mundo'. Cristianismo y Sociedad (in Spanish). XXIX (109): 33–47. ISSN0011-1457. OCLC2259924.
• De la Torre, Renée (1993). Discurso, identidad y poder en la construcción de una identidad religiosa: la Luz del Mundo (Thesis) (in Spanish). ITESO. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
• De la Torre, Renée (1994). 'Al que no habla Dios no lo oye. Al que Dios no oye, no habla. Orden social y discurso hegemónico en La Luz del Mundo'. In Roth Senef, Andrew; Lameiras, José (eds.). El verbo oficial: política moderna en dos campos periféricos del estado mexicano (in Spanish). El Colegio de Michoacán, ITESO. pp. 147–179. ISBN978-968-6959-07-9.
• De la Torre, Renée (1994). 'Comunicación como acto creador de la identidad religiosa. Estudio de caso en La Luz del Mundo'. Cuadernos del Departamento de Comunicación del ITESO (in Spanish). ITESO. 1: 9–31.
• De la Torre, Renée (1994–1995). 'Guadalajara, la perla de la Luz del Mundo'. Renglones (in Spanish). ITESO. 10 (30): 34–39. ISSN0186-4963. OCLC13536814.
• De la Torre, Renée (1996). 'Pinceladas de una ilustración etnográfica: La Luz del Mundo en Guadalajara'. In Giménez, Gilberto (ed.). Identidades Religiosas y Sociales en México (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. ISBN978-968-36-4956-0.
• De la Torre, Renée (1996). 'Los motivos de la conversión: Estudio de caso en La Luz del Mundo, Guadalajara, México'. Iztapalapa (in Spanish). Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. 39: 109–126. ISSN0185-4259. OCLC6826600.
• De la Torre, Renée (2000). 'Una Iglesia mexicana con proyección internacional: La Luz del Mundo'. In Masferrer Kan, Elio (ed.). Sectas o iglesias: Viejas o nuevas religiones (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Plaza y Valdés, Asociación Latinoamericana para el estudio de las Religiones. pp. 261–282. ISBN978-968-856-579-7.
• Dormady, Jason H. (2007). 'Not Just a Better Mexico': Intentional Religious Community and the Mexican State, 1940--1964. University of California, Santa Barbara: ProQuest. ISBN978-0-549-15247-7.
• Fortuny, Patricia (1996). 'La Luz del Mundo: una oferta múltiple de salvación'. Estudios Jalisciences (in Spanish). El Colegio de Jalisco. 24. OCLC25067830.
• Fortuny Loret de Mola, Patricia (1992). 'La historia mítica del fundador de la lglesia La Luz del Mundo'. In Castañeda, Carmen (ed.). Vivir en Guadalajara. La Ciudad y sus Funciones (in Spanish). Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara. pp. 363–379.
• Fortuny-Loret de Mola, Patricia (2012). 'La Luz del Mundo Church'. In Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (eds.). Encyclopedia of global religion. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 683–686. ISBN978-0-7619-2729-7.
• Fortuny-Loret de Mola, Patricia (2012). 'Migrantes y peregrinos de La Luz del Mundo: religión popular y comunidad moral transnacional'. Nueva Antropología: Revista de Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish). Nueva Antropología A.C. 25 (77): 179–200. ISSN0185-0636. OCLC262698382.
• Fortuny Loret de Mola, Patricia (8 October 2016). 'La Luz Del Mundo'. World Religions and Spirituality Project. 9 December 2018.
• Morán Quiroz, Luis Rodolfo (1990). Alternativa religiosa en Guadalajara: una aproximación al estudio de las iglesias evangélicas. Colección Estudios Latinoamericanos (in Spanish). 3. Guadalajara, Mexico: Universidad de Guadalajara. ISBN978-968-895-220-7.

External links[edit]

• Official website